Turmeric (haldi)-Curcuma longa)
Amla (Indian Gooseberry)-Phyllathus emblica
Tulsi-Ocimum sanctum
Neem-Azadirachta indica
2 bitter principles contained in neem leaves-Nimbin and Nimbindin
Quinine can cure malaria,pneumonia and amoebic dysentry
Diseases cured by Amla-Anaemia,Jaundice and Bronchitis.
That was simple.It was all on my tongue.
What is the scientific name for turmeric and neem?Please help me with my homework????
Hon if you know how to post on yahoo - you know how to do an internet search. You'll learn nothing by having others do your homework FOR you.
Reply:Neem- Azadirachta indica family Meliaceae
Turmeric- Curcuma longa family- Zingiberaceae
Reply:Yep every one answerd correctly. To know more about
Neem
http://www.neemleaf.com
Reply:TURMERIC
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Zingiberidae
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Curcuma
Species: C. longa
Binomial name
Curcuma longa
NEEM
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Azadirachta
Species: A. indica
Binomial name
Azadirachta indica
Reply:Tumeric is Curcuma longa.
Neem is Azadirachta indica.
That was easy.
Reply:neem is Azadirachta indica
turmeric..............i dunno :)
Reply:Turmeric
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
?Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Curcuma longa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Zingiberidae
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Curcuma
Species: C. longa
Binomial name
Curcuma longa
Linnaeus
Turmeric (Curcuma longa, also known as tumeric or kunyit in some Asian countries) is a spice commonly used in curries and other South Asian cuisine. Its active ingredient is curcumin. It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broth, and other foods (often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron). It makes a poor fabric dye as it is not very lightfast.
Turmeric, a representative of plant genus Curcuma, is a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric is thought to have many healthful properties. It is taken in some Asian countries as a dietary supplement, which allegedly helps with stomach problems and other ailments. It is popular as a tea in Okinawa, Japan. It is currently being investigated for possible benefits in Alzheimer's disease, cancer and liver disorders.
Sangli, a town in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra, is the largest and most important trading centre for turmeric in Asia or perhaps in the entire world. [citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Food additive
* 2 Medicine
* 3 Cosmetics
* 4 Chemistry
* 5 External links
[edit]
Food additive
Turmeric powder is used extensively in Indian cuisine.
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Turmeric powder is used extensively in Indian cuisine.
Turmeric (coded as E100 when used as a food additive) is used in product systems that are packaged to protect them from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. The curcumin/polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water containing products. Over-colouring, such as in pickles, relishes and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading.
Turmeric has found application in canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurts, yellow cakes, biscuits, popcorn-colour, sweets, cake icings, cereals, sauces, gelatines, direct compression tablets, etc. In combination with Annatto (E160b) it has been used to colour cheeses, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine.
[edit]
Medicine
The medicinal properties of the turmeric have for millennia been known to the ancient Indians and its medical properties have been expounded in the Ayurvedic texts. It is only in recent years that Western scientists have increasingly recognised the medicinal properties of turmeric. According to a 2005 article in the Wall Street Journal titled, "Common Indian Spice Stirs Hope," research activity into curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is exploding. Two hundred and fifty-six curcumin papers were published in the past year according to a search of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Supplement sales have increased 35% from 2004, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health has four clinical trials underway to study curcumin treatment for pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, Alzheimer's, and colorectal cancer.
A 2004 UCLA-Veterans Affairs study involving genetically altered mice suggests that curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, might inhibit the accumulation of destructive beta amyloids in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and also break up existing plaques. "Curcumin has been used for thousands of years as a safe anti-inflammatory in a variety of ailments as part of Indian traditional medicine," Gregory Cole, Professor of medicine and neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA said.
Recent studies have shown that turmeric can be effective in fighting a number of STDs including chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Investigations into the low incidence of colorectal cancer amongst ethnic groups with a large intake of curries compared with the indigenous population have suggested that some active ingredients of turmeric may have anti-cancer properties.
Anti-tumoral effects against melanoma cells have been demonstrated [1].
Second-stage trials of a turmeric-based drug as a possible treatment for cancer are currently underway. However, according to recent research results [2], the component curcumin causes degradation of the human protein p53. p53 is responsible for removing damaged cells that are likely to become tumors, suggesting curcumin could accelerate tumor development.
Consuming large doses is not recommended in cases of gallstones, obstructive jaundice, acute bilious colic and toxic liver disorders.
Curry Pharmaceuticals, based in North Carolina, is studying the use of a curcumin cream for psoriasis treatment. Another company is already selling a cream based on curcumin called "Psoria-Gold," which shows anecdotal promise of treating the disease.
A recent study involving mice has shown that turmeric slows the spread of breast cancer into lungs and other body parts, but also enhances the effect of taxol in reducing metastasis of breast cancer [3].
It is also said that turmeric can strengthen the blood-brain barrier against attacks that result from auto-immune diseases (such as Multiple sclerosis).
[edit]
Cosmetics
Turmeric is currently used in the formulation of some sun screens. Turmeric paste is used by Indian women to keep them free of superfluous hair.
The Government of Thailand is funding a project to extract and isolate tetrahydrocurcuminoids (THC) from turmeric. THCs are colorless compounds that might have antioxidant and skin lightening properties and might be used to treat skin inflammations, making these compounds useful in cosmetics formulations.
[edit]
Chemistry
Wool dyed with turmeric.
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Wool dyed with turmeric.
The active substance of turmeric is the polyphenol curcumin, also known as C.I. 75300, or Natural Yellow 3. Systematic chemical name is (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxypheny... It can exist at least in two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. The keto form is preferred in solid phase and the enol form in solution.
Curcumin Keto form
Curcumin Keto form
Curcumin Enol form
Curcumin Enol form
v路d路e
Herbs, seasonings and spices
Herbs basil 路 bay leaf 路 borage 路 chives 路 coriander leaf (a.k.a. cilantro) 路 dill 路 marjoram 路 fennel 路 mint 路 oregano 路 parsley 路 rosemary 路 sage 路 savory 路 tarragon 路 stevia 路 thyme 路
Seasonings curry powder 路 lemon 路 MSG 路 onion powder 路 saccharin 路 salt 路 sugar 路 vanilla 路 vinegar 路
Spices allspice 路 anise 路 cardamom 路 cayenne pepper 路 chile powder 路 cinnamon 路 chipotle 路 clove 路 coriander seeds 路 cumin 路 fenugreek 路 garlic 路 ginger 路 juniper berry 路 nutmeg 路 liquorice 路 paprika 路 pepper 路 saffron 路 sarsaparilla 路 sassafras 路 tamarind 路 turmeric 路 white mustard 路
[edit]
External links
* Plant Cultures: review of botany, history and uses
* Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. (Ono et al, 2004)
* The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. (Lim et al, 2001)
* Tumeric, the new active cosmetic ingredient - about the project funded by the Government of Thailand to extract THC from turmeric for cosmetics formulations
* Curcumin and turmeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats.
* Administration of curcumin prevents a decrease in liver function due to Selenium poisoning
* Curcumin is extremely effective in eliminating Neisseria gonorrhoeae cell adhesion in late-stage gonorrhoeae
* In vitro and in vivo anti-tumoral effect of curcumin against melanoma cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric
***
Neem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
?Neem
A Neem tree in India
A Neem tree in India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Azadirachta
Species: A. indica
Binomial name
Azadirachta indica
A.Juss.
Neem (Azadirachta indica, syn. Melia azadirachta L., Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb.) is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is the only species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to India and Burma, growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Other vernacular names include Margosa, Nimtree, Nimba, Vepu, Vempu and Indian-lilac.
Neem is a fast growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m, rarely to 35-40 m. It is evergreen but under severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. The branches are wide spread. The fairly dense crown is roundish or oval and may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in old, free-standing specimens.
Enlarge
The trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter of 1.2 m. The bark is hard, fissured or scaly, and whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is greyish-white and the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming reddish-brown after exposure. The root system consists of a strong taproot and well developed lateral roots.
The alternate, pinnate leaves are 20-40 cm long, with 20-31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8 cm long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The petioles are short. Very young leaves are reddish to purplish in colour. The shape of mature leaflets is more or less asymmetric and their margins are dentate with the exception of the base of their basiscopal half, which is normally very strongly reduced and cuneate.
The flowers (white and fragrant) are arranged axillary, normally more-or-less drooping panicles which are up to 25 cm long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear 150-250 flowers. An individual flower is 5-6 mm long and 8-11 mm wide. Protandric and bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual (polygamous).
The fruit is a glabrous olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe are 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 0.3-0.5 cm thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.
But Neem is far more than a tough tree that grows vigorously in difficult sites. Among its many benefits, the one that is most unusual and immediately practical is the control of farm and household pests. Some entomologists now conclude that neem has such remarkable powers for controlling insects that it will usher in a new era in safe, natural pesticides.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Ecology
* 2 Cultivation and uses
o 2.1 Uses in pest and disease control
o 2.2 Culinary use
* 3 Patent controversy
* 4 References:
* 5 See also
* 6 External links
[edit]
Ecology
The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on the ground water levels. Neem can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils (pH 6.2-7.0). It is a typical tropical/subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 掳C. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures. It does not tolerate temperature below 4 掳C (leaf shedding and death may ensue).
[edit]
Cultivation and uses
Neem has been introduced into cultivation over wide areas of Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia and the islands of the south Pacific. It is present mainly in the drier (arid) tropical and subtropical zones. Mountainous areas are generally avoided.
The beneficial properties of the neem tree have been part of Indian folklore for thousands of years. Dubbed 'the village pharmacy', it has numerous medicinal properties, aiding conditions ranging from digestive disorders to diabetes and from high cholesterol to cancer. To this day, neem twigs are used for brushing teeth in India--perhaps one of the earliest and most effective forms of dental care. In some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa the bark is used as both toothbrush and toothpaste, and for treating malaria. For many of the medicinal properties mentioned, no scientific data exists, but the fame is based on traditional knowledge (Ayurvedic medicine) or anecdotal stories. All parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flowers and bark) are used for preparing many different medical preparation and neem oil is also used for preparing cosmetics (soap, shampoo, balms and creams) Besides its use in traditional Indian medicine the neem tree is of great importance for its anti-desertification properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink.
[edit]
Uses in pest and disease control
Of primary interest to research scientists is its use as an insecticide when extracted as an oil. The active insecticidal ingredient, azadirachtin, is also effective against mites and other arthropods. Many of the tree's secondary metabolites have biological activity, but azadirachtin is considered to be of the most ecological importance. Studies have shown a wide spectrum of activity and species affected. It acts by breaking the insect's lifecycle. Research has increased in the past few years as the desire for safer pest control methods increases and it becomes apparent that this tree will be able to play a role in integrated pest management systems. Because of it's low toxicity [1], neem oil is available for general use in most countries, and is permitted for restricted use under the National Organic Program in the United States.
Other ingredients in neem oil are also effective as fungicides.
Neem is deemed very effective in the treatment of scabies although only preliminary scientific proof exists which still has to be corroborated, and is recommended for those who are sensitive to permethrin, a known insecticide which might be irritant. Also, the scabies mite has yet to become resistant to neem, so in persistent cases neem has been shown to be very effective. There is also anecdotal evidence of its effectiveness in treating infestations of head lice in humans.
[edit]
Culinary use
The tender shoots of the neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in India and parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia (where it is known as sadao or sdao), Laos (where it is called kadao) and Vietnam (where it is called s岷 膽芒u). Even lightly cooked, the flavor is quite bitter and thus the food is not enjoyed by all inhabitants of these nations, though it is believed to be quite healthful.
[edit]
Patent controversy
In 1995 the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product, derived from neem, to the United States Department of Agriculture and multinational WR Grace. The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had actually been in use in India for over 2000 years. In 2000 the EPO ruled in India's favour but the US multinational mounted an appeal claiming that prior art about the product had never been published in a scientific journal. On 8 March 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the neem patent. Other aspects of neem use continue to be patented, not least in India itself. The US Patent Office has published over 60 patents since 1975 that refer to neem.
[edit]
References:
* Gahukar, R. T. (1995) Neem in plant protection. Nagpur, India, Agri-Horticultural Publishing House. vii + 165 pp. ISBN 81-900392-0-2
* Boa, E. R. (1995) A guide to the identification of diseases and pests of neem (Azadirachta indica). Bangkok, Thailand, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA). 71 pp.
* Schmutterer, H. (Editor) (1995) The neem tree Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.)and other meliaceous plants: sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes. Weinheim, Germany, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. xxiii + 696 pp. ISBN 3-527-30054-6
* Tewari, D. N. (1992) Monograph on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Dehra Dun, India, International Book Distributors. vi + 279 pp. ISBN 81-7089-1752
* Vietmeyer, N. D. (Director) (1992) Neem: a tree for solving global problems. Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. Washington, DC, USA, National Academy Press. ix + 141 pp. ISBN 0-309-04686-6
* Jacobson, M. (Editor) (1989) The neem tree. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, CRC Press, Inc. 178 pp.
[edit]
See also
* Neem Cake
* Neem oil
* Azadirachtin
* Organic farming
[edit]
External links
* Neem Foundation
* Patenting of neem-related processes in India and elsewhere
* Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (The National Academies Press online book)
* International Neem Network
* Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of neem
* platformagenttechnologie
* India wins landmark patent battle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem
judo
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